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The reality–virtuality continuum is a theoretical framework that posits a continuous scale of mixed reality forms. It denies the existence of knowledge in any form or domain, arguing that knowledge is impossible. These limitations indicate a gap whereby reality is not fully captured and exceeds knowledge.

• A related topic concerns the possibility and limits of knowledge as a successful cognitive contact with reality.
• For example, emotivism holds that value statements express emotional attitudes of subjective approval or disapproval rather than objective facts.
• In preparation for her role, Sweeney watched interviews and spoke with Winner over Zoom and text.
• Monism and pluralism are families of views about the roles of unity and multiplicity in the structure of reality.
• Skepticism about metaphysics holds that it is not possible to know the fundamental nature of reality, such as claims about categories of being or the existence of universals.
• They examine what it means for something to be real, how entities are divided into different categories of being, and which entities exist at the most fundamental level.

A worldview is a comprehensive framework for understanding reality and humanity’s place within it. Another view maintains that they are real as digital objects with genuine existence and causal powers, residing within and being constituted by computational processes. Similarly, virtual reality worlds may incorporate real-world objects into the simulation or be entirely virtual.l
In this sense, realism and anti-realism encompass many domain-specific positions across diverse fields. Anti-realism rejects this view, arguing instead that there is no external world or that reality depends in certain respects on mental processes, subjective perspectives, or social conventions. Realism and anti-realism are families of views concerning the mind-independence of reality. Some interpretations of quantum mechanics hold that measurement outcomes are inherently probabilistic, thereby rejecting causal determinism, but this is not true for all interpretations.g According to this view, what happened in the past fixes what will happen in the future, including human behavior. Causal determinism is the view that every event is fully determined or necessitated by prior events.

Related concepts

In Hindu philosophy, the school of Advaita Vedanta emerged in the 8th century and held that the world of everyday appearances is an illusion, contrasting it with the ultimate reality of Brahman. The school of Vaisheshika arose roughly in the 2nd century BCE and developed a system of six fundamental categories of being. Various historiographical debates address the question of whether a truly objective account of the past is possible. Some doctrines hold that God constitutes the most fundamental level of reality as the divine origin of all creation. One strand of the field analyzes culture-specific worldviews and compares them across societies. The simulation hypothesis is the view that the whole world and everything within it is a simulated reality, including humans.

Viewpoints on reality

In the social sciences, critical realism holds that observable events in the social world only partially disclose reality. Local realism is a view that combines the principle of locality with the notion that there are definite physical properties, whether or not they are being observed by someone. For example, psychologism asserts that mathematical objects are mental constructions or ideas rather than abstract objects. It holds that this practice can be useful in some contexts without ascribing substantive or framework-independent reality to such entities. According to conceptualism, universals exist in the mind as concepts through which people categorize and mister golden order their impressions, acting as tools of cognitive organization rather than properties of external entities. Platonism about universals holds that they are part of reality in their own right, independent of the particular entities that instantiate them.
Monism and pluralism are families of views about the roles of unity and multiplicity in the structure of reality. According to this view, even a complete understanding of physics would not render sciences dedicated to higher levels, such as psychology, obsolete. Non-reductive physicalists hold that everything is ultimately physical while insisting that higher-level psychological facts cannot be reduced to fundamental physics. In this sense, there can be matter without biological life, whereas life is built upon matter and depends on it. Lower levels, by contrast, operate according to more basic mechanisms and are prior to the higher ones.

• It concerns the question of how mental and linguistic entities, such as thoughts and words, can establish contact with reality by successfully referring to things in the world.
• While some skeptical scenarios use the idea of a simulated reality to challenge the reliability of human cognition, contemporary technologies such as augmented reality and virtual reality can also inform experience.
• Criteria of reality are proposed features or standards that distinguish real entities from unreal ones.
• In a broad sense, appearances are not limited to what people perceive but can also include memories, beliefs, and thoughts.
• It overlaps with the cognitive sciences, which investigate how cognitive processes transform information about the world, and with neuroscience, which studies the brain activities underlying such processes.

For example, value theory is concerned with the reality of values, and the philosophy of mathematics explores in what sense mathematical objects, like numbers and sets, form part of reality. Different worldviews offer distinct answers to existential questions about meaning, morality, and the nature of reality, such as the contrast between religious and secular worldviews. One perspective holds that such objects are illusory or unreal because they lack existence in the physical world outside the simulation.

Viewpoints on reality

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It opposes the idea that world and mind are essentially correlated, emphasizing the mind-independent nature of reality beyond the way humans perceive and think about it. On this view, unobservable entities may be invoked in theory construction to aid prediction but should not be taken to exist. Scientific realism is the view that the best scientific theories provide an accurate description of a mind-independent world. Error theory asserts that all value statements are false because there are no values.i Another form of anti-realism maintains that value statements are neither true nor false but meaningless. According to subjectivism, values depend on the attitudes and preferences of individuals.

Phenomenalism, a related view, reduces physical objects to collections of actual or possible sensory experiences. In this sense, reality does not depend on human knowledge or consciousness and exists apart from them, including the aspects that no one is aware of. In the broadest sense, realism is the view that the external world and its constituents exist as they do regardless of how people perceive or think about them. Unreal entities, by contrast, depend for their existence on thoughts and ideas; they would not arise or would vanish without the mental activity creating or sustaining them. For example, if a planet or a virus is real then it exists on its own and behaves according to its nature, even if people are unaware or hold false beliefs about it.